Surveying Instruments and their Uses:

• Automatic Level: A level is an optical instrument used to establish or verify points in the same horizontal plane in a process known as levelling, and is used in conjunction with a levelling staff to establish the relative heights levels of objects or marks. It is widely used in surveying and construction to measure height differences and to transfer, measure, and set heights of known objects or marks. (ES:pg no#111)(SPA:pg no#83)   

       

• Theodolite: A theodolite is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes. The traditional use has been for land surveying, but they are also used extensively for building and infrastructure construction, and some specialized applications such as meteorology and rocket launching. (SPA:pg no#145)

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• Total Station: A total station (TS) or total station theodolite (TST) is an electronic/optical instrument used for surveying and building construction. It is an electronic transit theodolite integrated with electronic distance measurement (EDM) to measure both vertical and horizontal angles and the slope distance from the instrument to a particular point, and an on-board computer to collect data and perform triangulation calculations. (ES:pg no#212)(SPA:pg no#274)

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• Electronic Distance Measurering Instrument (EDMI): An Electronic Distance Measurer (EDM) can be used to place objects or points in three dimensions in relation to the unit. The EDM emits a beam of infrared light that is modulated at a controlled rate. During use, the light beam is emitted from the EDM, reflected off a prism or target held at a point to be mapped, and bounced back to the EDMI. (ES:pg no#173)(SPA:pg no#260)

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• Laser Level: In surveying and construction, the laser level is a control tool consisting of a laser beam projector that can be affixed to a tripod. The tool is leveled according to the accuracy of the device and projects a fixed red or green beam about the horizontal and/or vertical axis.A rotary laser level is a more advanced laser level in that it spins the beam of light fast enough to give the effect of a complete 360 degree horizontal or vertical plane, thus illuminating not just a fixed line, but a horizontal plane. The laser beam projector employs a rotating head with a mirror for sweeping the laser beam about a vertical axis.

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• Odometer: An odometer or odograph is an instrument used for measuring the distance travelled by a vehicle, such as a bicycle or car. The device may be electronic, mechanical, or a combination of the two.In countries where Imperial units or US customary unit sare used, it is sometimes called a mileometer or milometer. (ES:pg no#153)

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• Digital level: Digital automatic levels are a precise instruments used for precise leveling. Operation of digital levels is based on the digital processing of video indications of a coded staff. At the beginning of measurement a visual pointing of the instrument into the surface of leveling meter is performed. After that the instrument automatically points the focus of its optical system on the surface of the meter and then a rough correlation calculation is performed followed by the precise correlation.(ES:pg no#112)(SPA:pg no#85)

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        For further detailed information of these instruments you can also refer to the most authentic and reliable books ever written on this course. Which are as provided below:

        1. Elementary Surveying An Introduction to Geomatics (ES)(13th Edition).

        2. Surveying Principles and Applications (SPA)(5th Edition) 

        For numericals and their calculations, related to these instruments, kindly visit our blog!

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